1. 使用 RMarkdown 的 child 参数，进行文档拼接。
  2. 这样拼接以后的笔记方便复习。
  3. 相关问题提交到 Issue

2 反向搜索

Ctrl + R 调用。

它能记住你之前输入过的命令并且匹配现在希望找到的内容。

4 处理同名 exe

让C:\Program Files\Git\mingw64\bin\滞后试试。 重启以后

Bourne Again Shell 的脚本 可以学习一行代码向一个脚本的过渡 (Scriven 2020)。

5 review command

在 RMarkdown 中 engine 为 bash, engine.path = "D:\\install\\Git\\bin\\bash.exe"

## Seoul.csv
## Tallinn.csv
## arg.sh
## ch1-example.sh
## ch1.Rmd
## ch1.html
## ch1.ipynb
## ch2.Rmd
## ch3.Rmd
## ch4.Rmd
## hire_data.sh
  1. (e)grep filters input based on regex pattern matching
  2. cat concatenates ×le contents line-by-line
  3. tail  head give only the last -n (a Øag) lines
  4. wc does a word or line count (with Øags -w -l )
  5. sed does pattern-matched string replacement
## 锘緾ountry,City,Job Name,Salary
## Afghanistan,Kabul,Javascript Developer,158003
## Akrotiri and Dhekelia,Episkopi Cantonment,Python Developer,194640
## Albania,Tirana,Data Scientist,187506
## Algeria,Algiers,Javascript Developer,165451
## American Samoa,Pago Pago,Python Developer,175138
## Andorra,Andorra la Vella,Data Scientist,197452
## Angola,Luanda,Javascript Developer,144335
## Anguilla,The Valley,Python Developer,121100
## Antigua and Barbuda,St. John's,Data Scientist,108816
## 锘緾ountry,City,Job Name,Salary
## Akrotiri and Dhekelia,Episkopi Cantonment,Python Developer,194640
## 锘緾ountry,City,Job Name,Salary
## Afghanistan,Kabul,Javascript Developer,158003
## Akrotiri and Dhekelia,Episkopi Cantonment,Python Developer,194640
## Albania,Tirana,Data Scientist,187506
## Algeria,Algiers,Javascript Developer,165451
## American Samoa,Pago Pago,Python Developer,175138
## Andorra,Andorra la Vella,Data Scientist,197452
## Angola,Luanda,Javascript Developer,144335
## Anguilla,The Valley,Python Developer,121100
## Antigua and Barbuda,St. John's,Data Scientist,108816
##       1 Afghanistan,Kabul,Javascript Developer,158003
##       1 Akrotiri and Dhekelia,Episkopi Cantonment,Python Developer,194640
##       1 Albania,Tirana,Data Scientist,187506
##       1 Algeria,Algiers,Javascript Developer,165451
##       1 American Samoa,Pago Pago,Python Developer,175138

uniq -c 类似于 group by + count(distinct * 的命令。

或命题的使用方式，参考egrep。

6 script

用 !# /bin/bash 在首行声明，就可以直接跑

否则

##       1 Afghanistan,Kabul,Javascript Developer,158003
##       1 Akrotiri and Dhekelia,Episkopi Cantonment,Python Developer,194640
##       1 Albania,Tirana,Data Scientist,187506
##       1 Algeria,Algiers,Javascript Developer,165451
##       1 American Samoa,Pago Pago,Python Developer,175138
##       1 Afghanistan,Kabul,Javascript Developer,158003
##       1 Akrotiri and Dhekelia,Episkopi Cantonment,Python Developer,194640
##       1 Albania,Tirana,Data Scientist,187506
##       1 Algeria,Algiers,Javascript Developer,165451
##       1 American Samoa,Pago Pago,Python Developer,175138

注意不能忘记./。

7 STDIN, STDOUT STDERR

  1. STDIN (standard input). A stream of data into the program
  2. STDOUT (standard output). A stream of data out of the program 1> ...
  3. STDERR (standard error). Errors in your program 2> ...
## ```bash
##       1 Afghanistan,Kabul,Javascript Developer,158003
##       1 Akrotiri and Dhekelia,Episkopi Cantonment,Python Developer,194640
##       1 Albania,Tirana,Data Scientist,187506
##       1 Algeria,Algiers,Javascript Developer,165451
##       1 American Samoa,Pago Pago,Python Developer,175138
## ```

8 cut

## ../data/hire_data                ../data/hire_data.zip            
## ../data/inherited_folder.zip     ../data/model_out.zip            
## ../data/model_results.zip        ../data/new_hires.csv            
## ../data/robs_files.zip           ../data/soccer_scores.csv        
## ../data/soccer_scores_edited.csv
## 锘縔ear,Winner,Winner Goals
## 1932,Arda,4
## 1933,Botev,1
## 1934,Cherno,5
## 1935,Dunav,2
## 1936,Cherno,4
## 1937,Dunav,4
## 1938,Beroe,5
## 1939,Botev,2
## 1940,Beroe,3

选择第二列来计数。

## Usage: cut OPTION... [FILE]...
## Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output.
## 
## With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
## 
## Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
##   -b, --bytes=LIST        select only these bytes
##   -c, --characters=LIST   select only these characters
##   -d, --delimiter=DELIM   use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter
##   -f, --fields=LIST       select only these fields;  also print any line
##                             that contains no delimiter character, unless
##                             the -s option is specified
##   -n                      (ignored)
##       --complement        complement the set of selected bytes, characters
##                             or fields
##   -s, --only-delimited    do not print lines not containing delimiters
##       --output-delimiter=STRING  use STRING as the output delimiter
##                             the default is to use the input delimiter
##   -z, --zero-terminated    line delimiter is NUL, not newline
##       --help     display this help and exit
##       --version  output version information and exit
## 
## Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f.  Each LIST is made up of one
## range, or many ranges separated by commas.  Selected input is written
## in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once.
## Each range is one of:
## 
##   N     N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1
##   N-    from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line
##   N-M   from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field
##   -M    from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field
## 
## GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
## Report cut translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>
## Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/cut>
## or available locally via: info '(coreutils) cut invocation'
##      13 Arda
##       8 Beroe
##       9 Botev
##       8 Cherno
##      17 Dunav
##      15 Etar
##       4 Levski
##       1 Lokomotiv
## Usage: tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
## Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
## With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.
## 
## With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
## 
## Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
##   -c, --bytes=[+]NUM       output the last NUM bytes; or use -c +NUM to
##                              output starting with byte NUM of each file
##   -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
##                            output appended data as the file grows;
##                              an absent option argument means 'descriptor'
##   -F                       same as --follow=name --retry
##   -n, --lines=[+]NUM       output the last NUM lines, instead of the last 10;
##                              or use -n +NUM to output starting with line NUM
##       --max-unchanged-stats=N
##                            with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not
##                              changed size after N (default 5) iterations
##                              to see if it has been unlinked or renamed
##                              (this is the usual case of rotated log files);
##                              with inotify, this option is rarely useful
##       --pid=PID            with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies
##   -q, --quiet, --silent    never output headers giving file names
##       --retry              keep trying to open a file if it is inaccessible
##   -s, --sleep-interval=N   with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds
##                              (default 1.0) between iterations;
##                              with inotify and --pid=P, check process P at
##                              least once every N seconds
##   -v, --verbose            always output headers giving file names
##   -z, --zero-terminated    line delimiter is NUL, not newline
##       --help     display this help and exit
##       --version  output version information and exit
## 
## NUM may have a multiplier suffix:
## b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024,
## GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.
## 
## With --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which
## means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track
## its end.  This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to
## track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log
## rotation).  Use --follow=name in that case.  That causes tail to track the
## named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation.
## 
## GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
## Report tail translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>
## Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/tail>
## or available locally via: info '(coreutils) tail invocation'

use -n +NUM to output starting with line NUM不计入变量名。

9 sed

## Usage: sed [OPTION]... {script-only-if-no-other-script} [input-file]...
## 
##   -n, --quiet, --silent
##                  suppress automatic printing of pattern space
##   -e script, --expression=script
##                  add the script to the commands to be executed
##   -f script-file, --file=script-file
##                  add the contents of script-file to the commands to be executed
##   --follow-symlinks
##                  follow symlinks when processing in place
##   -i[SUFFIX], --in-place[=SUFFIX]
##                  edit files in place (makes backup if SUFFIX supplied)
##   -b, --binary
##                  open files in binary mode (CR+LFs are not processed specially)
##   -l N, --line-length=N
##                  specify the desired line-wrap length for the `l' command
##   --posix
##                  disable all GNU extensions.
##   -E, -r, --regexp-extended
##                  use extended regular expressions in the script
##                  (for portability use POSIX -E).
##   -s, --separate
##                  consider files as separate rather than as a single,
##                  continuous long stream.
##       --sandbox
##                  operate in sandbox mode (disable e/r/w commands).
##   -u, --unbuffered
##                  load minimal amounts of data from the input files and flush
##                  the output buffers more often
##   -z, --null-data
##                  separate lines by NUL characters
##       --help     display this help and exit
##       --version  output version information and exit
## 
## If no -e, --expression, -f, or --file option is given, then the first
## non-option argument is taken as the sed script to interpret.  All
## remaining arguments are names of input files; if no input files are
## specified, then the standard input is read.
## 
## GNU sed home page: <https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/>.
## General help using GNU software: <https://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>.
## E-mail bug reports to: <bug-sed@gnu.org>.

相当于 R 的 str_replace。

## 锘縔ear,Winner,Winner Goals
## 1932,Arda United,4
## 1933,Botev,1
## 1934,Cherno City,5
## 1935,Dunav,2
## 1936,Cherno City,4
## 1937,Dunav,4
## 1938,Beroe,5
## 1939,Botev,2
## 1940,Beroe,3

10 ARGV

  1. ARGV is the array of all the arguments given to the program.
  2. Each argument can be accessed via the $ notation. The ×rst as $1 , the second as $2 etc.
  3. $@ and $* give all ((???) all) the arguments in ARGV
  4. $# gives the length (number) of arguments
## one
## two
## three
## one two three four five
## There are  5  arguments

11 cat + grep 复制文件

## ../data/hire_data                ../data/hire_data.zip            
## ../data/inherited_folder.zip     ../data/model_out.zip            
## ../data/model_results.zip        ../data/new_hires.csv            
## ../data/robs_files.zip           ../data/soccer_scores.csv        
## ../data/soccer_scores_edited.csv
## Seoul
## South Korea,Seoul,Javascript Developer,169193
## South Korea,Seoul,Javascript Developer,169193
## South Korea,Seoul,Javascript Developer,169193
## South Korea,Seoul,Javascript Developer,169193
## South Korea,Seoul,Javascript Developer,169193
## South Korea,Seoul,Javascript Developer,169193
## South Korea,Seoul,Javascript Developer,169193
## South Korea,Seoul,Javascript Developer,169193
## South Korea,Seoul,Javascript Developer,169193
## South Korea,Seoul,Javascript Developer,169193
## Tallinn
## Estonia,Tallinn,Javascript Developer,118286
## Estonia,Tallinn,Javascript Developer,118286
## Estonia,Tallinn,Javascript Developer,118286
## Estonia,Tallinn,Javascript Developer,118286
## Estonia,Tallinn,Javascript Developer,118286
## Estonia,Tallinn,Javascript Developer,118286

12 du 命令

参考 https://www.cnblogs.com/conncui/p/shell.html

12.1 du help 文档

```bash
du --help
Usage: /Rtools/bin/du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
  or:  /Rtools/bin/du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of the set of FILEs, recursively for directories.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
  -0, --null            end each output line with NUL, not newline
  -a, --all             write counts for all files, not just directories
      --apparent-size   print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
                          the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
                          larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
                          fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
  -B, --block-size=SIZE  scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
                           '-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
                           see SIZE format below
  -b, --bytes           equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
  -c, --total           produce a grand total
  -D, --dereference-args  dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
                          command line
  -d, --max-depth=N     print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
                          only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
                          line argument;  --max-depth=0 is the same as
                          --summarize
      --files0-from=F   summarize disk usage of the
                          NUL-terminated file names specified in file F;
                          if F is -, then read names from standard input
  -H                    equivalent to --dereference-args (-D)
  -h, --human-readable  print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
      --inodes          list inode usage information instead of block usage
  -k                    like --block-size=1K
  -L, --dereference     dereference all symbolic links
  -l, --count-links     count sizes many times if hard linked
  -m                    like --block-size=1M
  -P, --no-dereference  don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default)
  -S, --separate-dirs   for directories do not include size of subdirectories
      --si              like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
  -s, --summarize       display only a total for each argument
  -t, --threshold=SIZE  exclude entries smaller than SIZE if positive,
                          or entries greater than SIZE if negative
      --time            show time of the last modification of any file in the
                          directory, or any of its subdirectories
      --time=WORD       show time as WORD instead of modification time:
                          atime, access, use, ctime or status
      --time-style=STYLE  show times using STYLE, which can be:
                            full-iso, long-iso, iso, or +FORMAT;
                            FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'
  -X, --exclude-from=FILE  exclude files that match any pattern in FILE
      --exclude=PATTERN    exclude files that match PATTERN
  -x, --one-file-system    skip directories on different file systems
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,
and the DU_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.
Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).

The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).

GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Report du translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
Full documentation at: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/du>
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) du invocation'
```

12.2 查询路径下所有子路径大小

以项目 learn_rmd 为例

可以知道总文件夹大小22M .， ./.git可以知道 git 文件夹大小。

12.3 查询文件夹大小

参考 askubuntu

du -hs /path/to/directory

查看当前文件夹大小。

14 choco

14.1 安装

参考 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32127524/how-to-install-and-use-make-in-windows 和 https://chocolatey.org/install

Both Windows 8 and 10 offer a Power Users menu that you can access by pressing Windows+X or just right-clicking the Start button. On the Power Users menu, choose “Command Prompt (Admin).”

管理员权限的 PowerShell 打开。

步骤还有点复杂的。

Run Get-ExecutionPolicy. If it returns Restricted, then run Set-ExecutionPolicy AllSigned or Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process.

Get-ExecutionPolicy

Restricted,

Set-ExecutionPolicy AllSigned

或者

Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process

再

Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process -Force; [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol -bor 3072; iex ((New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))

choco 加入环境变量。

15 which 查询

17 rtools 不要设置全局环境变量

例如，make, rm, which等都会覆盖，很不好用。 例如，C:\rtools40\usr\bin\make.exe

附录

参考文献

Forsyth, Scott. 2006. “Clip - Saving Command Line and Powershell Output Directly to the Clipboard.” Scott Forsyth’s Blog. 2006. https://weblogs.asp.net/owscott/clip-saving-command-line-and-powershell-output-directly-to-the-clipboard.

Scriven, Alex. 2020. “Introduction to Bash Scripting.” DataCamp. 2020. https://www.datacamp.com/courses/introduction-to-bash-scripting.